Name: Dapoxetine HCL
CAS: 119356-77-3
Molecular Formula: C21H23NO.HCl
Molecular Weight: 341.88
Molecular Structure:
Major Functions:
Dapoxetine join the ranks of erectile dysfunction drugs such as sildenafil (Viagra), tadalafil (Cialis), and vardenafil (Levitra), and some dopamine agonists such as cabergoline (Dostinex) and pramipexole, as drugs which can be used to improve male sexual health. Misuse of these drugs as aphrodisiacs or sexual enhancers in individuals who do not suffer from sexual health problems is also a possibility and there have been some concerns about doctors being pressured to prescribe such drugs off-label to people who do not actually have a medical need for the drug.
Some research has shown Dapoxetine to have a benefit in the treatment of premature ejaculation
The recommended dosage is 60-100mg daily.
We sell the product on bulk basis welcome inquiries from the world. In addition, many of their derivatives are also available at our company, which could not be tested out, the low side effect and obvious performance has won the clients’ reputation.
2008年10月24日星期五
Vardenafil
Name: Vardenafil
CAS: 224785-90-4
ATC Code: G04BE09
PubChem: 110634
DrugBank: APRD00699
Molecular Formula: C23H32N6O4S
Molecular Weight: 488.604g/mol
Bioavailability: 15%
Protein Binding: 95%
Half Life: 4-5 Hours
Metabolism: Hepatic
Excretion: Biliary
Major Functions:
Vardenafil is a PDE5 inhibitor used for treating impotence (erectile dysfunction) that is sold under the trade name Levitra
Structurally, the difference between a vardenafil molecule and the others is a methyl group and a nitrogen atom's position. Vardenafil's relatively short effective time is comparable to sildenafil's.
Dosage:
It is available in 2.5 mg, 5 mg, 10 mg, and 20 mg doses in round orange tablets. The normal starting dose is 10 mg (roughly equivalent to 50 mg of sildenafil). Vardenafil should be taken 1 to 2 hours prior to sexual activity, with a maximum dose frequency of once per day. In some territories, such as the UK, only certain doses may be available, i.e. 5 mg, 10 mg, and 20 mg.
We sell the product on bulk basis welcome inquiries from the world. In addition, many of their derivatives are also available at our company, which could not be tested out, the low side effect and obvious performance has won the clients’ reputation.
CAS: 224785-90-4
ATC Code: G04BE09
PubChem: 110634
DrugBank: APRD00699
Molecular Formula: C23H32N6O4S
Molecular Weight: 488.604g/mol
Bioavailability: 15%
Protein Binding: 95%
Half Life: 4-5 Hours
Metabolism: Hepatic
Excretion: Biliary
Major Functions:
Vardenafil is a PDE5 inhibitor used for treating impotence (erectile dysfunction) that is sold under the trade name Levitra
Structurally, the difference between a vardenafil molecule and the others is a methyl group and a nitrogen atom's position. Vardenafil's relatively short effective time is comparable to sildenafil's.
Dosage:
It is available in 2.5 mg, 5 mg, 10 mg, and 20 mg doses in round orange tablets. The normal starting dose is 10 mg (roughly equivalent to 50 mg of sildenafil). Vardenafil should be taken 1 to 2 hours prior to sexual activity, with a maximum dose frequency of once per day. In some territories, such as the UK, only certain doses may be available, i.e. 5 mg, 10 mg, and 20 mg.
We sell the product on bulk basis welcome inquiries from the world. In addition, many of their derivatives are also available at our company, which could not be tested out, the low side effect and obvious performance has won the clients’ reputation.
Tadalafil
Name: Tadalafil
CAS: 171596-29-5
ATC Code: G04BE08
PubChem: 110635
DrugBank: APRD00071
ChemSpider: 99301
Molecular Formula: C22H19N3O4
Molecular Weight: 389.404g/mol
Bioavailability: Varies
Protein Binding: 94%
Half Life: 17.5 Hours
Metabolism: Hepatic
Excretion: Fecal (60%) and urine (around 30%)
Major Functions:
Tadalafil is an orally administered drug for treating impotence (erectile dysfunction), that initially was developed by the biotechnology company ICOS, and then developed and marketed world-wide as Cialis, by Lilly ICOS, LLC, the joint venture of ICOS Corporation and Eli Lilly and Company. The inhibition of phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) enhances erectile function by increasing the amount of cGMP. Tadalafil (and sildenafil and vardenafil) inhibits PDE5, however, because sexual stimulation is required to initiate the local penile release of nitric oxide, tadalafil's inhibition of PDE5 will have no effect without direct sexual stimulation of the penis. The recommended Cialis starting dose for most men is 10 mg, taken as needed before sexual activity, (but not more than once daily). The dose may be increased to 20 mg or decreased to 5mg, per its efficacy and the man's personal tolerance of the drug. To avoid the inconvenience of a man having to program and plan using Cialis around the time of his anticipated sexual activity, Lilly ICOS began a clinical development program to evaluate the risks and benefits of chronic, once-daily use of the drug. In June 2007, the European Commission approved low-dose (2.5 mg and 5 mg) Cialis to be used as single-daily impotence therapy.
We sell the product on bulk basis welcome inquiries from the world. In addition, many of their derivatives are also available at our company, which could not be tested out, the low side effect and obvious performance has won the clients’ reputation.
CAS: 171596-29-5
ATC Code: G04BE08
PubChem: 110635
DrugBank: APRD00071
ChemSpider: 99301
Molecular Formula: C22H19N3O4
Molecular Weight: 389.404g/mol
Bioavailability: Varies
Protein Binding: 94%
Half Life: 17.5 Hours
Metabolism: Hepatic
Excretion: Fecal (60%) and urine (around 30%)
Major Functions:
Tadalafil is an orally administered drug for treating impotence (erectile dysfunction), that initially was developed by the biotechnology company ICOS, and then developed and marketed world-wide as Cialis, by Lilly ICOS, LLC, the joint venture of ICOS Corporation and Eli Lilly and Company. The inhibition of phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) enhances erectile function by increasing the amount of cGMP. Tadalafil (and sildenafil and vardenafil) inhibits PDE5, however, because sexual stimulation is required to initiate the local penile release of nitric oxide, tadalafil's inhibition of PDE5 will have no effect without direct sexual stimulation of the penis. The recommended Cialis starting dose for most men is 10 mg, taken as needed before sexual activity, (but not more than once daily). The dose may be increased to 20 mg or decreased to 5mg, per its efficacy and the man's personal tolerance of the drug. To avoid the inconvenience of a man having to program and plan using Cialis around the time of his anticipated sexual activity, Lilly ICOS began a clinical development program to evaluate the risks and benefits of chronic, once-daily use of the drug. In June 2007, the European Commission approved low-dose (2.5 mg and 5 mg) Cialis to be used as single-daily impotence therapy.
We sell the product on bulk basis welcome inquiries from the world. In addition, many of their derivatives are also available at our company, which could not be tested out, the low side effect and obvious performance has won the clients’ reputation.
Sildenafil Citrate
Name: Sildenafil Citrate
CAS: 139755-83-2
ATC Code: G04BE03
PubChem: 5281023
DrugBank: APRD00556
ChemSpider: 56586
Molecular Formula: C22H30N6O4S
Molecular Weight: 474.6g/mol
Bioavailability: 40%
Half Life: 3-4 Hours
Metabolism: Hepatic
Excretion: Fecal (80%) and renal (around 13%)
Major Functions:
Sildenafil citrate, sold as Viagra, Revatio and under various other trade names, is a drug used to treat erectile dysfunction (male impotence) and pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). It was developed and is being marketed by the pharmaceutical company Pfizer. It acts by inhibiting cGMP specific phosphodiesterase type 5, an enzyme that regulates blood flow in the penis. Since becoming available in 1998, sildenafil has been the prime treatment for erectile dysfunction; its primary competitors on the market are tadalafil (Cialis) and vardenafil (Levitra).
Dosage
The dose of sildenafil for erectile dysfunction is 25 mg to 150 mg taken not more than once per day between 30 minutes and 4 hours prior to sexual intercourse. It is usually recommended to start with a dosage of 50 mg (or even 25 mg) and then lower or raise the dosage as appropriate
The preparation steps for synthesis of sildenafil citrate are as follows
Methylation of 3-propylpyrazole-5-carboxylic acid ethyl ester with hot dimethyl sulfate.
Hydrolysis with aqueous NaOH to free acid.
Nitration with oleum/fuming nitric acid.
Carboxamide formation with refluxing thionyl chloride/NH4OH.
Reduction of nitro group to amino.
Acylation with 2-ethoxybenzoyl chloride.
Cyclization.
Sulfonation to the chlorosulfonyl derivative.
Condensation with 1-methylpiperazine.
We sell the product on bulk basis welcome inquiries from the world. In addition, many of their derivatives are also available at our company, which could not be tested out, the low side effect and obvious performance has won the clients’ reputation.
CAS: 139755-83-2
ATC Code: G04BE03
PubChem: 5281023
DrugBank: APRD00556
ChemSpider: 56586
Molecular Formula: C22H30N6O4S
Molecular Weight: 474.6g/mol
Bioavailability: 40%
Half Life: 3-4 Hours
Metabolism: Hepatic
Excretion: Fecal (80%) and renal (around 13%)
Major Functions:
Sildenafil citrate, sold as Viagra, Revatio and under various other trade names, is a drug used to treat erectile dysfunction (male impotence) and pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). It was developed and is being marketed by the pharmaceutical company Pfizer. It acts by inhibiting cGMP specific phosphodiesterase type 5, an enzyme that regulates blood flow in the penis. Since becoming available in 1998, sildenafil has been the prime treatment for erectile dysfunction; its primary competitors on the market are tadalafil (Cialis) and vardenafil (Levitra).
Dosage
The dose of sildenafil for erectile dysfunction is 25 mg to 150 mg taken not more than once per day between 30 minutes and 4 hours prior to sexual intercourse. It is usually recommended to start with a dosage of 50 mg (or even 25 mg) and then lower or raise the dosage as appropriate
The preparation steps for synthesis of sildenafil citrate are as follows
Methylation of 3-propylpyrazole-5-carboxylic acid ethyl ester with hot dimethyl sulfate.
Hydrolysis with aqueous NaOH to free acid.
Nitration with oleum/fuming nitric acid.
Carboxamide formation with refluxing thionyl chloride/NH4OH.
Reduction of nitro group to amino.
Acylation with 2-ethoxybenzoyl chloride.
Cyclization.
Sulfonation to the chlorosulfonyl derivative.
Condensation with 1-methylpiperazine.
We sell the product on bulk basis welcome inquiries from the world. In addition, many of their derivatives are also available at our company, which could not be tested out, the low side effect and obvious performance has won the clients’ reputation.
2008年10月21日星期二
Melatonin
Name: Melatonin
Synonym: N-[2-(5-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl] ethanamide
CAS: ：73-31-4
Molecular Formula: C13H16N2O2
Molecular Weight: 232.278
Major Functions:
The use of melatonin as a drug can entrain (synchronize) the circadian clock to environmental cycles and can have beneficial effects for treatment of certain insomnias. Its therapeutic potential may be limited by its short biological half-life, poor bioavailability, and the fact that it has numerous non-specific actions. In recent studies though, prolonged release melatonin has shown good results in treating insomnia.
Products containing melatonin have been available as a dietary supplement in the United States since 1993, and met with good consumer acceptance and enthusiasm. However, over-the-counter sales remain illegal in many other countries including some members of the European Union and New Zealand, and the U.S. Postal Service lists melatonin among items prohibited by Germany.
Studies from Massachusetts Institute of Technology have said that melatonin pills sold as supplements contain three to ten times the amount needed to produce the desirable physiologic nocturnal blood melatonin level for enhancement of sleep. Dosages are designed to raise melatonin levels for several hours to enhance quality of sleep, but some studies suggest that smaller doses (for example 0.3 mg as opposed to 3 mg) are just as effective at improving sleep quality
Synonym: N-[2-(5-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl] ethanamide
CAS: ：73-31-4
Molecular Formula: C13H16N2O2
Molecular Weight: 232.278
Major Functions:
The use of melatonin as a drug can entrain (synchronize) the circadian clock to environmental cycles and can have beneficial effects for treatment of certain insomnias. Its therapeutic potential may be limited by its short biological half-life, poor bioavailability, and the fact that it has numerous non-specific actions. In recent studies though, prolonged release melatonin has shown good results in treating insomnia.
Products containing melatonin have been available as a dietary supplement in the United States since 1993, and met with good consumer acceptance and enthusiasm. However, over-the-counter sales remain illegal in many other countries including some members of the European Union and New Zealand, and the U.S. Postal Service lists melatonin among items prohibited by Germany.
Studies from Massachusetts Institute of Technology have said that melatonin pills sold as supplements contain three to ten times the amount needed to produce the desirable physiologic nocturnal blood melatonin level for enhancement of sleep. Dosages are designed to raise melatonin levels for several hours to enhance quality of sleep, but some studies suggest that smaller doses (for example 0.3 mg as opposed to 3 mg) are just as effective at improving sleep quality
16,17α-Epoxyprogesterone
Name: 16,17α-Epoxyprogesterone
Synonym: 16,17α-Epoxyprogesterone
CAS: 1097-51-4
Molecular Formula: C21H28O2
Molecular Weight: 328.45
Synonym: 16,17α-Epoxyprogesterone
CAS: 1097-51-4
Molecular Formula: C21H28O2
Molecular Weight: 328.45
16-Dehydropregnenolone Acetate
Name: 16-Dehydropregnenolone Acetate
Synonym: 5,16-Pregnadien-3b-ol-20-one acetate
CAS: 979-02-2
Molecular Formula: C23H32O3
Molecular Weight: 356.51
Melting Point: 170-178 ºC
Major Functions: It is used to produce cortin, androgen, estrogen, luteal hormone.
Synonym: 5,16-Pregnadien-3b-ol-20-one acetate
CAS: 979-02-2
Molecular Formula: C23H32O3
Molecular Weight: 356.51
Melting Point: 170-178 ºC
Major Functions: It is used to produce cortin, androgen, estrogen, luteal hormone.
Progesterone
Name: Progesterone
Synonym: 4-pregnene-3,20-dione
CAS: 57-83-0
Molecular Formula: C21H30O2
Molecular Weight: 314.47
Water Solubility: <0.1 g/100 mL at 19 ºC
Melting Point: 128-132 ºC
Major Functions:
Progesterone is used to support pregnancy in Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) cycles such as In-vitro Fertilization (IVF). While daily intramuscular injections of progesterone have been the standard route of administration, a recent meta-analysis showed that the intravaginal route with an appropriate dose and dosing frequency is equivalent to daily intramuscular injections.
Progesterone is used to control anovulatory bleeding. It is also used to prepare uterine lining in infertility therapy and to support early pregnancy. Patients with recurrent pregnancy loss due to inadequate progesterone production may receive progesterone.
Progesterone is being investigated as potentially beneficial in treating multiple sclerosis, since the characteristic deterioration of nerve myelin insulation halts during pregnancy, when progesterone levels are raised; deterioration commences again when the levels drop.
Vaginally dosed progesterone is being investigated as potentially beneficial in preventing preterm birth in women at risk for preterm birth. The initial study by Fonseca suggested that vaginal progesterone could prevent preterm birth in women with a history of preterm birth.
Synonym: 4-pregnene-3,20-dione
CAS: 57-83-0
Molecular Formula: C21H30O2
Molecular Weight: 314.47
Water Solubility: <0.1 g/100 mL at 19 ºC
Melting Point: 128-132 ºC
Major Functions:
Progesterone is used to support pregnancy in Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) cycles such as In-vitro Fertilization (IVF). While daily intramuscular injections of progesterone have been the standard route of administration, a recent meta-analysis showed that the intravaginal route with an appropriate dose and dosing frequency is equivalent to daily intramuscular injections.
Progesterone is used to control anovulatory bleeding. It is also used to prepare uterine lining in infertility therapy and to support early pregnancy. Patients with recurrent pregnancy loss due to inadequate progesterone production may receive progesterone.
Progesterone is being investigated as potentially beneficial in treating multiple sclerosis, since the characteristic deterioration of nerve myelin insulation halts during pregnancy, when progesterone levels are raised; deterioration commences again when the levels drop.
Vaginally dosed progesterone is being investigated as potentially beneficial in preventing preterm birth in women at risk for preterm birth. The initial study by Fonseca suggested that vaginal progesterone could prevent preterm birth in women with a history of preterm birth.
Dehydroepiandrosterone DHEA
Name: Dehydroepiandrosterone DHEA
Synonym: DHEA
CAS: 53-43-0
Molecular Formula: C19H28O2
Molecular Weight: 288.43
Melting Point: 146-151 ºC
Major Functions:
A randomised UK study found that a 7-day course of DHEA (150 mg twice daily) improved episodic memory in healthy young men. In this study, DHEA was also shown to improve subjective mood and decrease evening cortisol concentration, which is known to be elevated in depression. The effect of DHEA on memory appeared to be related to an early activation of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and it was suggested this was due to neuronal recruitment of the steroid sensitive ACC that may be involved in pre-hippocampal memory processing.
DHEA supplements are sometimes used as muscle-building or performance-enhancing drugs by athletes. A 1986 study found that a higher level of endogenous DHEA, as determined by a single measurement, correlated with a lower risk of death or cardiovascular disease.
In the United States, DHEA or DHEAS have been advertised with claims that they may be beneficial for a wide variety of ailments. DHEA and DHEAS are readily available in the United States, where they are marketed as over-the-counter dietary supplements.
Synonym: DHEA
CAS: 53-43-0
Molecular Formula: C19H28O2
Molecular Weight: 288.43
Melting Point: 146-151 ºC
Major Functions:
A randomised UK study found that a 7-day course of DHEA (150 mg twice daily) improved episodic memory in healthy young men. In this study, DHEA was also shown to improve subjective mood and decrease evening cortisol concentration, which is known to be elevated in depression. The effect of DHEA on memory appeared to be related to an early activation of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and it was suggested this was due to neuronal recruitment of the steroid sensitive ACC that may be involved in pre-hippocampal memory processing.
DHEA supplements are sometimes used as muscle-building or performance-enhancing drugs by athletes. A 1986 study found that a higher level of endogenous DHEA, as determined by a single measurement, correlated with a lower risk of death or cardiovascular disease.
In the United States, DHEA or DHEAS have been advertised with claims that they may be beneficial for a wide variety of ailments. DHEA and DHEAS are readily available in the United States, where they are marketed as over-the-counter dietary supplements.
Pregnenolone
Name: Pregnenolone
Synonym: Pregnenolone
CAS: 145-13-1
Molecular Formula: C21H32O2
Molecular Weight: 316.48
Botanical Source: Wild yam
Major Functions:
It serves as a parent hormone for all adrenal cortical steroids, including progesterone, testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone, dihydrotestosterone, aldosterone, cortisol and estradiol. Pregnenolone levels decrease with age, during periods of fatigue, or in conditions of inadequate cholesterol production.
Synonym: Pregnenolone
CAS: 145-13-1
Molecular Formula: C21H32O2
Molecular Weight: 316.48
Botanical Source: Wild yam
Major Functions:
It serves as a parent hormone for all adrenal cortical steroids, including progesterone, testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone, dihydrotestosterone, aldosterone, cortisol and estradiol. Pregnenolone levels decrease with age, during periods of fatigue, or in conditions of inadequate cholesterol production.
2008年10月20日星期一
Ferulic Acid
Name: Ferulic acid
Synonym: (E)-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-phenyl)prop-2-enoic acid
CAS: 537-98-4
Molecular Formula: C10H10O4
Molecular Weight: 194.184
Molecular Structure:
Botanical Source: Ferula, giant fennel.
Major Functions:
Ferulic acid, like many phenols, is an antioxidant in the sense that it is reactive toward free radicals such as reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS and free radicals are implicated in DNA damage, cancer, accelerated cell aging. Animal studies and in vitro studies suggest that ferulic acid may have direct antitumor activity against breast cancer and liver cancer. Ferulic acid may have pro-apoptotic effects in cancer cells, thereby leading to their destruction . Ferulic acid may be effective at preventing cancer induced by exposure to the carcinogenic compounds benzopyrene and 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide. Note that these are not randomized controlled trials done with human participants, and therefore, the results of these studies may not be directly applicable to human use.
If added to a topical preparation of ascorbic acid and vitamin E, ferulic acid may reduce oxidative stress and formation of thymine dimers in skin
Synonym: (E)-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-phenyl)prop-2-enoic acid
CAS: 537-98-4
Molecular Formula: C10H10O4
Molecular Weight: 194.184
Molecular Structure:
Botanical Source: Ferula, giant fennel.
Major Functions:
Ferulic acid, like many phenols, is an antioxidant in the sense that it is reactive toward free radicals such as reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS and free radicals are implicated in DNA damage, cancer, accelerated cell aging. Animal studies and in vitro studies suggest that ferulic acid may have direct antitumor activity against breast cancer and liver cancer. Ferulic acid may have pro-apoptotic effects in cancer cells, thereby leading to their destruction . Ferulic acid may be effective at preventing cancer induced by exposure to the carcinogenic compounds benzopyrene and 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide. Note that these are not randomized controlled trials done with human participants, and therefore, the results of these studies may not be directly applicable to human use.
If added to a topical preparation of ascorbic acid and vitamin E, ferulic acid may reduce oxidative stress and formation of thymine dimers in skin
Chelerythrine
Name: Chelerythrine
Synonym: Chelerythrine chloride-sanguinarine chloride mixt.; 13-Methyl-[1,3]benzodioxolo[5,6-c]-1,3-dioxolo[4,5-i]phenanthridinium chloride mixt. with 1,2-dimethoxy-12-methyl[1,3]benzodioxolo[5,6-c]phenanthridinium chloride
CAS: 112025-60-2
Molecular Formula: ：C20H14NO4.Cl;C21H18NO4.Cl
Molecular Weight: 348.37192
Molecular Structure:
Botanical Source: Chelidonium majus
Major Functions:
Chelerythrine is a benzophenanthridine alkaloid extracted from the plant Greater celandine (Chelidonium majus). It is a potent, selective, and cell-permeable protein kinase C inhibitor.
Synonym: Chelerythrine chloride-sanguinarine chloride mixt.; 13-Methyl-[1,3]benzodioxolo[5,6-c]-1,3-dioxolo[4,5-i]phenanthridinium chloride mixt. with 1,2-dimethoxy-12-methyl[1,3]benzodioxolo[5,6-c]phenanthridinium chloride
CAS: 112025-60-2
Molecular Formula: ：C20H14NO4.Cl;C21H18NO4.Cl
Molecular Weight: 348.37192
Molecular Structure:
Botanical Source: Chelidonium majus
Major Functions:
Chelerythrine is a benzophenanthridine alkaloid extracted from the plant Greater celandine (Chelidonium majus). It is a potent, selective, and cell-permeable protein kinase C inhibitor.
Bromelain
Name: Bromelain
CAS: 9001-00-7
Molecular Formula: NA
Molecular Weight: 33000
Botanical Source: Bromeliaceae, Pineapple
Major Functions:
Bromelain can be used in a vast array of medical conditions. It was first introduced in this area in 1957, and works by blocking some proinflammatory metabolites that accelerate and worsen the inflammatory process. It is an anti-inflammatory agent, and so can be used for sports injury, trauma, arthritis, and other kinds of swelling. Its main uses are treatment of athletic injuries, digestive problems, phlebitis, sinusitis, and aiding healing after surgery. It has also been proposed for the treatment of arthritis, chronic venous insufficiency, easy bruising, gout, hemorrhoids, menstrual pain, autoimmune disorders, and ulcerative colitis. Studies have shown that bromelain can also be useful in the reduction of platelet clumping and blood clots in the bloodstream, especially in the arteries. It may have treatment potential for HIV. Proprietary bromelain mixtures are being used for third degree burn treatment, and more are being approved. Its side effects include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, menorrhagia (excessively heavy menstrual flow) and possible allergic reactions. One study has also associated Bromelain with increased heart rate.Bromelain supplementation up to 460 mg has been shown to have no effect on human heart rate or blood pressure; however, increasing doses up to 1840 mg have been shown to increase the heart rate proportionately.
CAS: 9001-00-7
Molecular Formula: NA
Molecular Weight: 33000
Botanical Source: Bromeliaceae, Pineapple
Major Functions:
Bromelain can be used in a vast array of medical conditions. It was first introduced in this area in 1957, and works by blocking some proinflammatory metabolites that accelerate and worsen the inflammatory process. It is an anti-inflammatory agent, and so can be used for sports injury, trauma, arthritis, and other kinds of swelling. Its main uses are treatment of athletic injuries, digestive problems, phlebitis, sinusitis, and aiding healing after surgery. It has also been proposed for the treatment of arthritis, chronic venous insufficiency, easy bruising, gout, hemorrhoids, menstrual pain, autoimmune disorders, and ulcerative colitis. Studies have shown that bromelain can also be useful in the reduction of platelet clumping and blood clots in the bloodstream, especially in the arteries. It may have treatment potential for HIV. Proprietary bromelain mixtures are being used for third degree burn treatment, and more are being approved. Its side effects include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, menorrhagia (excessively heavy menstrual flow) and possible allergic reactions. One study has also associated Bromelain with increased heart rate.Bromelain supplementation up to 460 mg has been shown to have no effect on human heart rate or blood pressure; however, increasing doses up to 1840 mg have been shown to increase the heart rate proportionately.
Hordenine
Name: Hordenine
Synonym: anhaline;eremursine;peyocactine
CAS: 3595-05-9
Molecular Formula: C10H15NO
Molecular Weight: 165.23
Botanical Source: Desmodium gangeticum
Major Functions:
Hordenine (N,N-dimethyltyramine) is a phenylethylamine alkaloid with antibacterial and antibiotic properties. It stimulates the release of norepinephrine in higher animals. It is produced in nature by several varieties of plants in the family Cactaceae and by some in Acacia
Synonym: anhaline;eremursine;peyocactine
CAS: 3595-05-9
Molecular Formula: C10H15NO
Molecular Weight: 165.23
Botanical Source: Desmodium gangeticum
Major Functions:
Hordenine (N,N-dimethyltyramine) is a phenylethylamine alkaloid with antibacterial and antibiotic properties. It stimulates the release of norepinephrine in higher animals. It is produced in nature by several varieties of plants in the family Cactaceae and by some in Acacia
Oleuropein
Name: Oleuropein
Synonym:(4S,5E,6S)-4-[2-[2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethoxy]-2-oxoethyl]- 5-ethylidene-6-[[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)- 2-tetrahydropyranyl]oxy]-4H-pyran-3-carboxylic acid, methyl ester
CAS: 32619-42-4
Molecular Formula: C25H32O13
Molecular Weight: 540.52
Botanical Source:Olive
Major Functions: Oleuropein is a chemical compound found in olive leaf from the olive tree together with other closely related compounds such as 10-hydroxyoleuropein, ligstroside, and 10-hydroxyligstroside. All these compounds are tyrosol esters of elenolic acid that are further hydroxylated and glycosylated. Oleuropein and its metabolite hydroxytyrosol have powerful antioxidant activity both in vivo and in vitro and give extra-virgin olive oil its bitter, pungent taste. Oleuropein preparations have been claimed to strengthen the immune system.
Synonym:(4S,5E,6S)-4-[2-[2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethoxy]-2-oxoethyl]- 5-ethylidene-6-[[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)- 2-tetrahydropyranyl]oxy]-4H-pyran-3-carboxylic acid, methyl ester
CAS: 32619-42-4
Molecular Formula: C25H32O13
Molecular Weight: 540.52
Botanical Source:Olive
Major Functions: Oleuropein is a chemical compound found in olive leaf from the olive tree together with other closely related compounds such as 10-hydroxyoleuropein, ligstroside, and 10-hydroxyligstroside. All these compounds are tyrosol esters of elenolic acid that are further hydroxylated and glycosylated. Oleuropein and its metabolite hydroxytyrosol have powerful antioxidant activity both in vivo and in vitro and give extra-virgin olive oil its bitter, pungent taste. Oleuropein preparations have been claimed to strengthen the immune system.
Galangin
Name: Galangin
Synonym: 4H-1-Benzopyran-4-one, 3, 5, 7-trihydroxy-2-phenyl-
CAS: 548-83-4
Molecular Formula: C15H10O5
Molecular Weight: 270.23
Botanical Source: Alpinia officinarum Hance Root
Major Functions:
Several recent studies with this flavonoid suggest that it may have a potent anti-cancer effect, specifically through inhibition of the detoxification enzyme CYP1A1 and modulation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor The implication with this type of research is that this flavonoid exerts a protective effect against the carcinogenic potential of overcooked, char-grilled foods. Galangin has also been shown to be a potent preserver of the endogenous free radical scavenger glutathione, thereby playing another anti-carcinogenic role. Recent research has also uncovered several mechanisms by which this particular flavonoid exerts a positive effect in the prevention of heart disease. Galangin has a proven anti-oxidative effect on endothelial tissues and acts to help preserve other protective antioxidants such as vitamin E, vitamin C and other flavonoids, in this function it also serves to prevent lipid peroxidation11. Galangin also exerts a strong inhibitory effect on the cyclo-oxygenase family of enzymes, this provides a strong cardioprotective effect by inhibiting the aggregation of platelets, as well as providing a consistent systemic anti-inflammatory effect.
Synonym: 4H-1-Benzopyran-4-one, 3, 5, 7-trihydroxy-2-phenyl-
CAS: 548-83-4
Molecular Formula: C15H10O5
Molecular Weight: 270.23
Botanical Source: Alpinia officinarum Hance Root
Major Functions:
Several recent studies with this flavonoid suggest that it may have a potent anti-cancer effect, specifically through inhibition of the detoxification enzyme CYP1A1 and modulation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor The implication with this type of research is that this flavonoid exerts a protective effect against the carcinogenic potential of overcooked, char-grilled foods. Galangin has also been shown to be a potent preserver of the endogenous free radical scavenger glutathione, thereby playing another anti-carcinogenic role. Recent research has also uncovered several mechanisms by which this particular flavonoid exerts a positive effect in the prevention of heart disease. Galangin has a proven anti-oxidative effect on endothelial tissues and acts to help preserve other protective antioxidants such as vitamin E, vitamin C and other flavonoids, in this function it also serves to prevent lipid peroxidation11. Galangin also exerts a strong inhibitory effect on the cyclo-oxygenase family of enzymes, this provides a strong cardioprotective effect by inhibiting the aggregation of platelets, as well as providing a consistent systemic anti-inflammatory effect.
Puerarin
Name: Puerarin
Synonym: Puerarin
CAS: 3681-99-0
Molecular Formula: C21H20O9
Molecular Weight: 416.38
Botanical Source: P. thunbergiana Benth Root
Major Functions:
Puerarin is a potential therapeutic agent for cardiovascular diseases. But its poor oral bioavailability restricts its clinical application
Synonym: Puerarin
CAS: 3681-99-0
Molecular Formula: C21H20O9
Molecular Weight: 416.38
Botanical Source: P. thunbergiana Benth Root
Major Functions:
Puerarin is a potential therapeutic agent for cardiovascular diseases. But its poor oral bioavailability restricts its clinical application
Betulin
Name: Betulin
Synonym: betulinol
CAS: 473-98-3
Molecular Formula: C30H50O2
Molecular Weight: 442.72
Botanical Source: Birch bark and leave
Major Functions:
Betulinic acid and its synthetic analogues exhibit anti-malarial, anti-inflamatory and anti-HIV activity as well as showing cytotoxicity towards a number of tumour cell lines. Even though betulin derivatives are most widely studied for their anticancer activity, also the anti-HIV effect is quite well characterized and it has been demonstrated that betulins can inhibit HIV entry to T cells by binding to the gp41, an HIV protein needed for the invasion of the virus into the cell.
Synonym: betulinol
CAS: 473-98-3
Molecular Formula: C30H50O2
Molecular Weight: 442.72
Botanical Source: Birch bark and leave
Major Functions:
Betulinic acid and its synthetic analogues exhibit anti-malarial, anti-inflamatory and anti-HIV activity as well as showing cytotoxicity towards a number of tumour cell lines. Even though betulin derivatives are most widely studied for their anticancer activity, also the anti-HIV effect is quite well characterized and it has been demonstrated that betulins can inhibit HIV entry to T cells by binding to the gp41, an HIV protein needed for the invasion of the virus into the cell.
Asiatic acid
Name: Asiatic acid
Synonym: (1S,2R,4aS,6aR,6aS,6bR,8aR,9S,10S,11R,12aS,14bR)-10,11-Dihydroxy-9-(hydroxymethyl)-1,2,6a,6b,9,12a-hexamethyl-2,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydro-1H-picene-4a-carboxylic acid
CAS: 464-92-6
Molecular Formula: C30H48O5
Molecular Weight: 488.70
Molecular Structure:
Botanical Source: Centella asiatica （L.） Urb.
Major Functions:
Asiatic Acid, a Triterpene, Induces Apoptosis and Cell Cycle Arrest through Activation of Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase and p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathways in Human Breast Cancer Cells
Synonym: (1S,2R,4aS,6aR,6aS,6bR,8aR,9S,10S,11R,12aS,14bR)-10,11-Dihydroxy-9-(hydroxymethyl)-1,2,6a,6b,9,12a-hexamethyl-2,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydro-1H-picene-4a-carboxylic acid
CAS: 464-92-6
Molecular Formula: C30H48O5
Molecular Weight: 488.70
Molecular Structure:
Botanical Source: Centella asiatica （L.） Urb.
Major Functions:
Asiatic Acid, a Triterpene, Induces Apoptosis and Cell Cycle Arrest through Activation of Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase and p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathways in Human Breast Cancer Cells
Galanthamine
Name: Galanthamine
Synonym: (4aS,6R,8aS)-5,6,9,10,11,12- hexahydro-3-methoxy-11- methyl-4aH-[1]benzofuro[3a,3,2-ef] [2]benzazepin-6-ol
CAS: 357-70-0
Molecular Formula: C17H21NO3
Molecular Weight: 287.354 g/mol
Molecular Structure:
Botanical Source: Galanthus woronowii，Voronov’snowdrop
Major Functions:
Galantamine in its pure form is a white powder. Galantamine is a competitive and reversible cholinesterase inhibitor. It is believed it works by enhancing cholinergic function by increasing the concentration of acetylcholine in the brain. The atomics resolution 3D structure of the complex of galantamine and its target, acetylcholinesterase, was recently determined by X-ray crystallography. There is no evidence that galantamine alters the course of the underlying dementing process.Galantamine has also shown activity in modulating the nicotinic cholinergic receptors to increase acetylcholine release
Synonym: (4aS,6R,8aS)-5,6,9,10,11,12- hexahydro-3-methoxy-11- methyl-4aH-[1]benzofuro[3a,3,2-ef] [2]benzazepin-6-ol
CAS: 357-70-0
Molecular Formula: C17H21NO3
Molecular Weight: 287.354 g/mol
Molecular Structure:
Botanical Source: Galanthus woronowii，Voronov’snowdrop
Major Functions:
Galantamine in its pure form is a white powder. Galantamine is a competitive and reversible cholinesterase inhibitor. It is believed it works by enhancing cholinergic function by increasing the concentration of acetylcholine in the brain. The atomics resolution 3D structure of the complex of galantamine and its target, acetylcholinesterase, was recently determined by X-ray crystallography. There is no evidence that galantamine alters the course of the underlying dementing process.Galantamine has also shown activity in modulating the nicotinic cholinergic receptors to increase acetylcholine release
Gingerol
Name: Gingerol
Synonym: [6]-gingerol
CAS: 23513-14-6
Molecular Formula: C17H26O4
Molecular Weight: 294.38
Botanical Source: Fresh ginger
Major Functions:
Gingerol, or sometimes [6]-gingerol, is the active constituent of fresh ginger. Chemically, gingerol is a relative of capsaicin, the compound that gives chile peppers their spiciness. It is normally found as a pungent yellow oil, but also can form a low-melting crystalline solid.Cooking ginger transforms gingerol into zingerone, which is less pungent and has a spicy-sweet aroma.Gingerol may reduce nausea caused by motion sickness or pregnancy and may also relieve migraine.[6]-Gingerol has been used to induce a suspended animation-like hypothermic state in rats
Synonym: [6]-gingerol
CAS: 23513-14-6
Molecular Formula: C17H26O4
Molecular Weight: 294.38
Botanical Source: Fresh ginger
Major Functions:
Gingerol, or sometimes [6]-gingerol, is the active constituent of fresh ginger. Chemically, gingerol is a relative of capsaicin, the compound that gives chile peppers their spiciness. It is normally found as a pungent yellow oil, but also can form a low-melting crystalline solid.Cooking ginger transforms gingerol into zingerone, which is less pungent and has a spicy-sweet aroma.Gingerol may reduce nausea caused by motion sickness or pregnancy and may also relieve migraine.[6]-Gingerol has been used to induce a suspended animation-like hypothermic state in rats
Canthaxanthin
Name: Canthaxanthin
Synonym: beta-Carotene-4-4'-dione
CAS: 514-78-3
Molecular Formula: C40H52O2
Molecular Weight: 564.8
Molecular Structure:
Botanical Source: Salmon or crustaceans
Major Functions:
Canthaxanthin is a naturally occurring carotenoid found in many different plants and animals. it is the red coloring of many fruits, vegetables, and flowers, as well as some edible mushrooms. It gives the pink hue of the feathers of bright colored tropical birds such as flamingos and roseate spoonbills. A few species of pink shellfish and some ocean crustaceans such as the red lobster contain this xanthophyll, as does the punk flesh of salmon and the red spots on the skin of trout. Besides being a red pigment, Canthaxanthin functions as an ultraviolet photon absorber, a singlet and triplet oxygen quencher and a free radical deactivator (especially in salmon). The incredible endurance of punk salmon on their long migrations to spawning grounds may be possible due to the antioxidant qualities of the Canthaxanthin that saturates their bodies. They swim for thousands of miles in highly ionized water (ionized by waterfalls and rapids).
Synonym: beta-Carotene-4-4'-dione
CAS: 514-78-3
Molecular Formula: C40H52O2
Molecular Weight: 564.8
Molecular Structure:
Botanical Source: Salmon or crustaceans
Major Functions:
Canthaxanthin is a naturally occurring carotenoid found in many different plants and animals. it is the red coloring of many fruits, vegetables, and flowers, as well as some edible mushrooms. It gives the pink hue of the feathers of bright colored tropical birds such as flamingos and roseate spoonbills. A few species of pink shellfish and some ocean crustaceans such as the red lobster contain this xanthophyll, as does the punk flesh of salmon and the red spots on the skin of trout. Besides being a red pigment, Canthaxanthin functions as an ultraviolet photon absorber, a singlet and triplet oxygen quencher and a free radical deactivator (especially in salmon). The incredible endurance of punk salmon on their long migrations to spawning grounds may be possible due to the antioxidant qualities of the Canthaxanthin that saturates their bodies. They swim for thousands of miles in highly ionized water (ionized by waterfalls and rapids).
Hypericin
Name：Hypericin
CAS#: 548-04-9
Botanical Source：St John’s Wort
Synonym
1,3,4,6,8,13-Hexahydroxy-10,11-di-methylphenanthro(1,10,9,8,opqra)perylene-7,14-dione; 4,5,7,4',5',7'-Hexahydroxy-2,2'-dimethylnaphthodianthrone
Molecular Structure:
Molecular Formula: C30H16O8
Molecular Weight: 504.45
Major Functions:
Hypericin is a red-coloured anthraquinone-derivative, which is together with Hyperforin one of the principal active constituents of Hypericum (Saint John's wort). Hypericin is believed to act as an antibiotic and non-specific kinase inhibitor. Hypericin may inhibit the action of the enzyme dopamine β-hydroxylase, leading to increased dopamine levels, although thus possibly decreasing norepinephrine and epinephrine.
The large chromophore system in the molecule means that it can cause photosensitivity when ingested beyond threshold amounts. Because hypericin accumulates preferentially on cancerous tissues, it is also used as an indicator of cancerous cells. In addition, hypericin is under research as an agent in photodynamic therapy, whereby a biochemical is absorbed by an organism to be later activated with spectrum-specific light from specialized lamps or laser sources, for therapeutic purposes.
CAS#: 548-04-9
Botanical Source：St John’s Wort
Synonym
1,3,4,6,8,13-Hexahydroxy-10,11-di-methylphenanthro(1,10,9,8,opqra)perylene-7,14-dione; 4,5,7,4',5',7'-Hexahydroxy-2,2'-dimethylnaphthodianthrone
Molecular Structure:
Molecular Formula: C30H16O8
Molecular Weight: 504.45
Major Functions:
Hypericin is a red-coloured anthraquinone-derivative, which is together with Hyperforin one of the principal active constituents of Hypericum (Saint John's wort). Hypericin is believed to act as an antibiotic and non-specific kinase inhibitor. Hypericin may inhibit the action of the enzyme dopamine β-hydroxylase, leading to increased dopamine levels, although thus possibly decreasing norepinephrine and epinephrine.
The large chromophore system in the molecule means that it can cause photosensitivity when ingested beyond threshold amounts. Because hypericin accumulates preferentially on cancerous tissues, it is also used as an indicator of cancerous cells. In addition, hypericin is under research as an agent in photodynamic therapy, whereby a biochemical is absorbed by an organism to be later activated with spectrum-specific light from specialized lamps or laser sources, for therapeutic purposes.
Cichoric acid
Name：Cichoric acid
Synonym：(2R,3R)-2,3-bis[[(E)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoyl]oxy]butanedioic acid
CAS：76831-56-0
Botanical Source：Echinacea (Purple Coneflower)
Molecular Formula：C22H18O12
Molecular Weight：474.37
Molecular Structure:
Major Functions:
Like most crude drugs from plant or animal origin, the constituent base for echinacea is complex, consisting of a wide variety of chemicals of variable effect and potency. Some chemicals may be directly antimicrobial, while others may work at stimulating or modulating different parts of the immune system. All species have chemical compounds called phenols, which are common to many other plants. Both the phenol compounds cichoric and caftaric are present in E. purpurea, other phenols include echinacoside, which is found in greater levels within E. angustifolia and E. pallida roots than in other species. When making herbal remedies, these phenols can serve as markers for the quantity of raw echinacea in the product. Other chemical constituents that may be important in echinacea health effects include alkylamides and polysaccharides.
Synonym：(2R,3R)-2,3-bis[[(E)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoyl]oxy]butanedioic acid
CAS：76831-56-0
Botanical Source：Echinacea (Purple Coneflower)
Molecular Formula：C22H18O12
Molecular Weight：474.37
Molecular Structure:
Major Functions:
Like most crude drugs from plant or animal origin, the constituent base for echinacea is complex, consisting of a wide variety of chemicals of variable effect and potency. Some chemicals may be directly antimicrobial, while others may work at stimulating or modulating different parts of the immune system. All species have chemical compounds called phenols, which are common to many other plants. Both the phenol compounds cichoric and caftaric are present in E. purpurea, other phenols include echinacoside, which is found in greater levels within E. angustifolia and E. pallida roots than in other species. When making herbal remedies, these phenols can serve as markers for the quantity of raw echinacea in the product. Other chemical constituents that may be important in echinacea health effects include alkylamides and polysaccharides.
Kava lactones（Methysticin）
Name：Kava lactones（Methysticin）
CAS：495-85-2
Botanical Source：Piper methysticum (kava)
Molecular Structure：
Methysticin
R1
-
R2
-
R3
-H
R4
-H
Major Functions:
Effects of kavalactones include mild sedation, a slight numbing of the gums and mouth, and vivid dreams. Kava has been reported to improve cognitive performance and promote a cheerful mood. Muscle relaxant, anaesthetic, and anticonvulsive and anxiolytic effects are thought to result from direct interactions of kavalactones with voltage-gated ion channels. Research currently suggests that kavalactones potentiate GABAA activity but do not alter levels of dopamine and serotonin in the CNS. Heavy, long-term kava use does not cause any reduction of ability in saccade and cognitive tests but is associated with elevated liver enzymes.
CAS：495-85-2
Botanical Source：Piper methysticum (kava)
Molecular Structure：
Methysticin
R1
-
R2
-
R3
-H
R4
-H
Major Functions:
Effects of kavalactones include mild sedation, a slight numbing of the gums and mouth, and vivid dreams. Kava has been reported to improve cognitive performance and promote a cheerful mood. Muscle relaxant, anaesthetic, and anticonvulsive and anxiolytic effects are thought to result from direct interactions of kavalactones with voltage-gated ion channels. Research currently suggests that kavalactones potentiate GABAA activity but do not alter levels of dopamine and serotonin in the CNS. Heavy, long-term kava use does not cause any reduction of ability in saccade and cognitive tests but is associated with elevated liver enzymes.
Matrine
Name: Matrine
Synonym: Matrine
CAS: 519-02-8
Molecular Formula: C15H24N2O
Molecular Weight: 248.37
Molecular Structure:
Botanical Source: Figwort root
Major Functions:
Resist fungi, antibiotic, kill trichomonads, drive flagellates.
Resist the inflammation and allergy
Diuresis, resist the arrhythmia
Antitumor, stop rushing down, smooth the asthma;
Can improve the leucocyte deficiency symptoms caused by anticancer drugs and X ray source.
Synonym: Matrine
CAS: 519-02-8
Molecular Formula: C15H24N2O
Molecular Weight: 248.37
Molecular Structure:
Botanical Source: Figwort root
Major Functions:
Resist fungi, antibiotic, kill trichomonads, drive flagellates.
Resist the inflammation and allergy
Diuresis, resist the arrhythmia
Antitumor, stop rushing down, smooth the asthma;
Can improve the leucocyte deficiency symptoms caused by anticancer drugs and X ray source.
Charantin (Bitter Melon Extract)
Name: Charantin (Bitter Melon Extract)
Synonym: Charantin
Molecular Formula: NA
Molecular Weight: NA
Molecular Structure: NA
Botanical Source: Bitter melon
Major Functions:
Charantin.A mixture of steroidal saponins，stimulates the release of insulin. It has been identified as an active in the. Hypoglycemic properties, blood sugar control.
Synonym: Charantin
Molecular Formula: NA
Molecular Weight: NA
Molecular Structure: NA
Botanical Source: Bitter melon
Major Functions:
Charantin.A mixture of steroidal saponins，stimulates the release of insulin. It has been identified as an active in the. Hypoglycemic properties, blood sugar control.
Amygdalin
Name: Amygdalin
Synonym: Amygdalin
CAS: 29883-15-6
Molecular Formula: C20H27NO11
Molecular Weight: 457.42
Molecular Structure:
Botanical Source: Almond
Major Functions:
A 2006 Cochrane review of the evidence concluded that is no sound evidence that laetrile is an effective cancer treatment and that there is considerable doubt about its safety. It has not been approved for this use by the United States' Food and Drug Administration. The U.S. government's National Institutes of Health evaluated the evidence, including case reports and a clinical trial, and concluded that they showed little effect. A 1982 trial of 178 patients found that tumor size had increased in all patients. Minimal side effects were seen except in two patients who consumed bitter almonds and suffered from cyanide poisoning
Synonym: Amygdalin
CAS: 29883-15-6
Molecular Formula: C20H27NO11
Molecular Weight: 457.42
Molecular Structure:
Botanical Source: Almond
Major Functions:
A 2006 Cochrane review of the evidence concluded that is no sound evidence that laetrile is an effective cancer treatment and that there is considerable doubt about its safety. It has not been approved for this use by the United States' Food and Drug Administration. The U.S. government's National Institutes of Health evaluated the evidence, including case reports and a clinical trial, and concluded that they showed little effect. A 1982 trial of 178 patients found that tumor size had increased in all patients. Minimal side effects were seen except in two patients who consumed bitter almonds and suffered from cyanide poisoning
Liensinine
Name: Liensinine
Synonym: 4-[[(1R)-6,7-Dimethoxy-2-methyl-3,4-dihydro-1H-isoquinolin-1-yl]methyl]-2-[[(1R)-1-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-6-methoxy-2-methyl-3,4-dihydro-1H-isoquinolin-7-yl]oxy]phenol
CAS: 2586-96-1
Molecular Formula: C37H42N2O6
Molecular Weight: 610.74
Molecular Structure:
Botanical Source: Lotus plumule
Major Functions:
Liensinine is helpful for the blood circulation, allay restlessness, and lower the blood pressure. Especially it is beneficial for people with hyperlipemia, hypertension and obesity. In TCM, lotus plumule can move heat from the heart, calm the nerves, restore the coordination between the heart and the kidney, check emission, and arrest bleeding.
Synonym: 4-[[(1R)-6,7-Dimethoxy-2-methyl-3,4-dihydro-1H-isoquinolin-1-yl]methyl]-2-[[(1R)-1-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-6-methoxy-2-methyl-3,4-dihydro-1H-isoquinolin-7-yl]oxy]phenol
CAS: 2586-96-1
Molecular Formula: C37H42N2O6
Molecular Weight: 610.74
Molecular Structure:
Botanical Source: Lotus plumule
Major Functions:
Liensinine is helpful for the blood circulation, allay restlessness, and lower the blood pressure. Especially it is beneficial for people with hyperlipemia, hypertension and obesity. In TCM, lotus plumule can move heat from the heart, calm the nerves, restore the coordination between the heart and the kidney, check emission, and arrest bleeding.
Lovastatin
Name: Lovastatin
Synonym: 1,2,3,7,8,8a-Hexahydro-3,7-dimethyl-8-[2-(tetrahydro-4-hydroxy-6-oxo-2H-pyran-2-yl)ethyl]-1-naphthalenyl 2-methylbutanoate
CAS: 75330-75-5
Molecular Formula: C24H36O5
Molecular Weight: 404.54
Molecular Structure:
Botanical Source: Red yeast rice
Major Functions:
Lovastatin causes cholesterol to be lost from LDL, but also reduces the concentration of circulating LDL (low density lipoprotein) particles. Apo lipoprotein B concentration falls substantially during treatment with lovastatin. Levitation’s ability to lower LDL is thought to be due to a reduction in VLDL, which is a precursor to LDL. Also, Lovastatin may increase the number of LDL receptors on the surface of cell membranes, and thus increase the breakdown of LDL.
Lovastatin can also produce slight to moderate increases in HDL, and slight to moderate decreases in triglycerides. Both of these effects are typically beneficial to a patient with a poor lipid profile.
Both lovastatin and its b-hydroxyacid metabolite are highly bound (>95%) to human plasma proteins. Animal studies demonstrated that lovastatin crosses the blood-brain and placental barriers. Elderly patients or those with renal insufficiency may have higher plasma concentrations of lovastatin after administration and may require a lower dose. The usual recommended starting dose is 20 mg once a day given with the evening meal and the dose range is 10-80 mg a day in a single dose, or divided into two doses.
Synonym: 1,2,3,7,8,8a-Hexahydro-3,7-dimethyl-8-[2-(tetrahydro-4-hydroxy-6-oxo-2H-pyran-2-yl)ethyl]-1-naphthalenyl 2-methylbutanoate
CAS: 75330-75-5
Molecular Formula: C24H36O5
Molecular Weight: 404.54
Molecular Structure:
Botanical Source: Red yeast rice
Major Functions:
Lovastatin causes cholesterol to be lost from LDL, but also reduces the concentration of circulating LDL (low density lipoprotein) particles. Apo lipoprotein B concentration falls substantially during treatment with lovastatin. Levitation’s ability to lower LDL is thought to be due to a reduction in VLDL, which is a precursor to LDL. Also, Lovastatin may increase the number of LDL receptors on the surface of cell membranes, and thus increase the breakdown of LDL.
Lovastatin can also produce slight to moderate increases in HDL, and slight to moderate decreases in triglycerides. Both of these effects are typically beneficial to a patient with a poor lipid profile.
Both lovastatin and its b-hydroxyacid metabolite are highly bound (>95%) to human plasma proteins. Animal studies demonstrated that lovastatin crosses the blood-brain and placental barriers. Elderly patients or those with renal insufficiency may have higher plasma concentrations of lovastatin after administration and may require a lower dose. The usual recommended starting dose is 20 mg once a day given with the evening meal and the dose range is 10-80 mg a day in a single dose, or divided into two doses.
Papain
Name: Papain
Synonym: Velardon; Vermizym
CAS: 9001-73-4
Botanical Source: Papaya
Major Functions: The mechanism by which it breaks peptide bonds involves deprotonation of Cys-25 by His-159. Asn-158 helps to orient the imidazole ring of His-159 to allow this deprotonation to take place. Cys-25 then performs a nucleophilic attack on the carbonyl carbon of a peptide backbone. This frees the amino terminal of the peptide, and forms a covalent acyl-enzyme intermediate. The enzyme is then deacylated by a water molecule, and releases the carboxy terminal portion of the peptide. In immunology, papain is known to cleave the Fc (crystallisable) portion of immunoglobulins (antibodies) from the Fab (antigen-binding) portion.
Synonym: Velardon; Vermizym
CAS: 9001-73-4
Botanical Source: Papaya
Major Functions: The mechanism by which it breaks peptide bonds involves deprotonation of Cys-25 by His-159. Asn-158 helps to orient the imidazole ring of His-159 to allow this deprotonation to take place. Cys-25 then performs a nucleophilic attack on the carbonyl carbon of a peptide backbone. This frees the amino terminal of the peptide, and forms a covalent acyl-enzyme intermediate. The enzyme is then deacylated by a water molecule, and releases the carboxy terminal portion of the peptide. In immunology, papain is known to cleave the Fc (crystallisable) portion of immunoglobulins (antibodies) from the Fab (antigen-binding) portion.
Hydroxycitric acid
Name: Hydroxycitric acid
Synonym: hydroxycitric acid
CAS: 6205-14-7
Molecular Formula: ：C6H8O8
Molecular Weight: 208.12
Molecular Structure:
Botanical Source: Garcinia cambogia Extract
Major Functions:
Hydroxycitric acid (HCA) is a derivative of citric acid that is found in a variety of tropical plants including Garcinia cambogia and Hibiscus subdariffa. Laboratory and animal studies of HCA have produced results that indicate a potential for modulation of lipid metabolism;consequently HCA is an ingredient in some weight loss products and dietary supplements. However, there is no clinical evidence that HCA has any benefit to humans in either of these applications.One isomer of HCA, known as (2S,3R)-HCA, inhibits pancreatic alpha-amylase and intestinal alpha-glucosidase, leading to a reduction in carbohydrate metabolism in vitro. In a study in Zucker rats which are genetically predisposed to obesity, Garcinia cambogia extract containing HCA showed that high doses led to significant suppression of epididymal fat accumulation, but also caused potent testicular atrophy and toxicity
Synonym: hydroxycitric acid
CAS: 6205-14-7
Molecular Formula: ：C6H8O8
Molecular Weight: 208.12
Molecular Structure:
Botanical Source: Garcinia cambogia Extract
Major Functions:
Hydroxycitric acid (HCA) is a derivative of citric acid that is found in a variety of tropical plants including Garcinia cambogia and Hibiscus subdariffa. Laboratory and animal studies of HCA have produced results that indicate a potential for modulation of lipid metabolism;consequently HCA is an ingredient in some weight loss products and dietary supplements. However, there is no clinical evidence that HCA has any benefit to humans in either of these applications.One isomer of HCA, known as (2S,3R)-HCA, inhibits pancreatic alpha-amylase and intestinal alpha-glucosidase, leading to a reduction in carbohydrate metabolism in vitro. In a study in Zucker rats which are genetically predisposed to obesity, Garcinia cambogia extract containing HCA showed that high doses led to significant suppression of epididymal fat accumulation, but also caused potent testicular atrophy and toxicity
Apigenin
Name: Apigenin
Synonym: Apigenin
CAS: 520-36-5
Molecular Formula: C15H10O5
Molecular Weight: 270.25
Molecular Structure:
Botanical Source: Apium graveolens var.dulce leaves
Major Functions:
Apigenin is one of the flavonoids - more precisely one of the citrus bioflavonoids. Apigenin, just like most flavonoids, has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumor properties... perhaps apigenin can even block the formation of uric acid leading to beneficial effects in gout.
Apigenin is found in high amounts in parsley, thyme, and peppermint. Apigenin is also found in a number of herbs, including chamomile herb, lemon balm herb, perilla, vervain herb, and yarrow.
Synonym: Apigenin
CAS: 520-36-5
Molecular Formula: C15H10O5
Molecular Weight: 270.25
Molecular Structure:
Botanical Source: Apium graveolens var.dulce leaves
Major Functions:
Apigenin is one of the flavonoids - more precisely one of the citrus bioflavonoids. Apigenin, just like most flavonoids, has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumor properties... perhaps apigenin can even block the formation of uric acid leading to beneficial effects in gout.
Apigenin is found in high amounts in parsley, thyme, and peppermint. Apigenin is also found in a number of herbs, including chamomile herb, lemon balm herb, perilla, vervain herb, and yarrow.
Galanthamine Hydrobromide
Name: Galanthamine Hydrobromide
Synonym: Galanthamine Hydrobromide
CAS: 1953-04-4
Molecular Formula: C17H21NO3.HBr
Molecular Weight: 368.27
Molecular Structure:
Botanical Source: Lycoris radiata
Major Functions: Galanthamine extract is specific, competitive and reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. It is also an allosteric modulator at nicotinic cholinergic receptor sites potentiating cholinergic nicotinic neurotransmission. Both the acetylcholine and nicotine receptors have been suggested as areas related to cognitive impairment. Initially, Galanthamine extract was used in anesthesiology to antagonize the effects of non-depolarizing muscle relaxants, and since then it was rapidly introduced in other areas of medicine, i.e. neurology, ophthalmology, gastroenterology, intensive care and resuscitation, cardiology, physiotherapy.
Galanthamine extract is a product with broad therapeutic index, allowing "soft" manifestation of its effect with individual dosing depending on the particular case.
Several trials already showed that Galantamine 16 and 24 mg/day significantly benefits the cognitive, functional, and behavioral symptoms of AD as compared with placebo and proved also to be very effective in symptomatic treatment of senile dementia of Alzheimer's type
Synonym: Galanthamine Hydrobromide
CAS: 1953-04-4
Molecular Formula: C17H21NO3.HBr
Molecular Weight: 368.27
Molecular Structure:
Botanical Source: Lycoris radiata
Major Functions: Galanthamine extract is specific, competitive and reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. It is also an allosteric modulator at nicotinic cholinergic receptor sites potentiating cholinergic nicotinic neurotransmission. Both the acetylcholine and nicotine receptors have been suggested as areas related to cognitive impairment. Initially, Galanthamine extract was used in anesthesiology to antagonize the effects of non-depolarizing muscle relaxants, and since then it was rapidly introduced in other areas of medicine, i.e. neurology, ophthalmology, gastroenterology, intensive care and resuscitation, cardiology, physiotherapy.
Galanthamine extract is a product with broad therapeutic index, allowing "soft" manifestation of its effect with individual dosing depending on the particular case.
Several trials already showed that Galantamine 16 and 24 mg/day significantly benefits the cognitive, functional, and behavioral symptoms of AD as compared with placebo and proved also to be very effective in symptomatic treatment of senile dementia of Alzheimer's type
Ellagic Acid
Name: Ellagic Acid
Synonym: 2,3,7,8-Tetrahydroxy-chromeno[5,4,3-cde]chromene-5,10-dione
CAS: 476-66-4
Molecular Formula: C14H6O8
Molecular Weight: 302.197
Molecular Structure:
Botanical Source: pomegranates
Major Functions:
Ellagic acid has antiproliferative and antioxidant properties in a number of in vitro and small-animal models. The antiproliferative properties of ellagic acid are due to its ability to directly inhibit the DNA binding of certain carcinogens, including nitrosamines and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. As with other polyphenol antioxidants, ellagic acid has a chemoprotective effect in cellular models by reducing oxidative stress.
These properties have generated interest in potential human health benefits from the consumption of ellagic acid. However, very little study of these proposed benefits has been reported as of 2008. A small randomized controlled trial involving 19 patients with carotid artery stenosis found that pomegranate juice, which is high in ellagic acid, appeared to reduce blood pressure and carotid artery wall thickness.
Synonym: 2,3,7,8-Tetrahydroxy-chromeno[5,4,3-cde]chromene-5,10-dione
CAS: 476-66-4
Molecular Formula: C14H6O8
Molecular Weight: 302.197
Molecular Structure:
Botanical Source: pomegranates
Major Functions:
Ellagic acid has antiproliferative and antioxidant properties in a number of in vitro and small-animal models. The antiproliferative properties of ellagic acid are due to its ability to directly inhibit the DNA binding of certain carcinogens, including nitrosamines and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. As with other polyphenol antioxidants, ellagic acid has a chemoprotective effect in cellular models by reducing oxidative stress.
These properties have generated interest in potential human health benefits from the consumption of ellagic acid. However, very little study of these proposed benefits has been reported as of 2008. A small randomized controlled trial involving 19 patients with carotid artery stenosis found that pomegranate juice, which is high in ellagic acid, appeared to reduce blood pressure and carotid artery wall thickness.
Salicin
Name: D(-)-Salicin
Synonym: 2-(Hydroxymethyl)phenyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside
CAS: 138-52-3
Molecular Formula: C13H18O7
Molecular Weight: 286.28
Molecular Structure:
Botanical Source: White Willow Bark
Major Functions:
Salicin (C13H18O7) is an alcoholic β-glycoside which contains D-glucose. Salicin is an anti-inflammatory agent which is produced from all willow barks.
Salicin is closely related chemically to aspirin and has a very similar action in the human body. When consumed, it is metabolized to salicylic acid. The systematic (IUPAC) name of the molecule is 2-(Hydroxymethyl)phenyl β-D-glucopyranoside.
Synonym: 2-(Hydroxymethyl)phenyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside
CAS: 138-52-3
Molecular Formula: C13H18O7
Molecular Weight: 286.28
Molecular Structure:
Botanical Source: White Willow Bark
Major Functions:
Salicin (C13H18O7) is an alcoholic β-glycoside which contains D-glucose. Salicin is an anti-inflammatory agent which is produced from all willow barks.
Salicin is closely related chemically to aspirin and has a very similar action in the human body. When consumed, it is metabolized to salicylic acid. The systematic (IUPAC) name of the molecule is 2-(Hydroxymethyl)phenyl β-D-glucopyranoside.
Gymnemic acid
Name: Gymnemic acid
Synonym: Gymnemic acid
CAS: 90045-47-9
Botanical Source: Gymnema sylvestre leaves
Major Functions:
Gymnemic acids are glycosides isolated from the leaves of Gymnema sylvestre (Asclepiadaceae). Gymnemic acids like ziziphin and hodulcine are anti-sweet compounds, or sweetness inhibitors. After chewing the leaves, solutions sweetened with sucrose taste like water. More than 20 homologues of gymnemic acid are found in the leaves. Gymnemic acid 1 has the highest anti-sweet properties. It suppresses the sweetness of most of the sweeteners including intense artificial sweeteners such as aspartame and natural sweeteners such as thaumatin, a sweet protein. The anti-sweet activity is reversible, but sweetness recovery on the tongue can take more than 10 minutes
Synonym: Gymnemic acid
CAS: 90045-47-9
Botanical Source: Gymnema sylvestre leaves
Major Functions:
Gymnemic acids are glycosides isolated from the leaves of Gymnema sylvestre (Asclepiadaceae). Gymnemic acids like ziziphin and hodulcine are anti-sweet compounds, or sweetness inhibitors. After chewing the leaves, solutions sweetened with sucrose taste like water. More than 20 homologues of gymnemic acid are found in the leaves. Gymnemic acid 1 has the highest anti-sweet properties. It suppresses the sweetness of most of the sweeteners including intense artificial sweeteners such as aspartame and natural sweeteners such as thaumatin, a sweet protein. The anti-sweet activity is reversible, but sweetness recovery on the tongue can take more than 10 minutes
Valerenic acid
Name: Valerenic acid
Synonym: (E)-3-[(4S,7R,7aR)-3,7-dimethyl- 2,4,5,6,7,7a-hexahydro- 1H-inden-4-yl]- 2-methylprop-2-enoic acid
CAS: 3569-10-6
Molecular Formula: C15H22O2
Molecular Weight: 234.334
Molecular Structure:
Botanical Source: Valerian
Major Functions:
Valerenic acid is a constituent of the essential oil of the Valerian plant.
Valerian is used as a herbal sedative which may be helpful in the treatment of insomnia. While the precise mechanism of this action has not been established and it is likely that several different components of the plant contribute to the effect, valerenic acid is thought to be at least partly responsible for the sedative effects.
Valerenic acid has been demonstrated to be both a subtype-selective GABAA agonist acting mainly at α1β2 and α1β3 subtypes, and also a 5HT partial agonist. Both of these actions are likely to play a role in the sedative effects of this compound, as other GABAA agonists such as benzodiazepines are commonly used as sedative drugs, and while no selective 5HT5A agonists are currently used medically, the 5HT5A receptor is known to be highly expressed in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the brain, which is believed to be involved in the sleep-wake cycle.
Valerenic acid has also been reported to be an NF-κB inhibitor, and may be partly responsible for the reported anti-inflammatory action of the valerian plant
Synonym: (E)-3-[(4S,7R,7aR)-3,7-dimethyl- 2,4,5,6,7,7a-hexahydro- 1H-inden-4-yl]- 2-methylprop-2-enoic acid
CAS: 3569-10-6
Molecular Formula: C15H22O2
Molecular Weight: 234.334
Molecular Structure:
Botanical Source: Valerian
Major Functions:
Valerenic acid is a constituent of the essential oil of the Valerian plant.
Valerian is used as a herbal sedative which may be helpful in the treatment of insomnia. While the precise mechanism of this action has not been established and it is likely that several different components of the plant contribute to the effect, valerenic acid is thought to be at least partly responsible for the sedative effects.
Valerenic acid has been demonstrated to be both a subtype-selective GABAA agonist acting mainly at α1β2 and α1β3 subtypes, and also a 5HT partial agonist. Both of these actions are likely to play a role in the sedative effects of this compound, as other GABAA agonists such as benzodiazepines are commonly used as sedative drugs, and while no selective 5HT5A agonists are currently used medically, the 5HT5A receptor is known to be highly expressed in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the brain, which is believed to be involved in the sleep-wake cycle.
Valerenic acid has also been reported to be an NF-κB inhibitor, and may be partly responsible for the reported anti-inflammatory action of the valerian plant
Sanguinarine
Name: Sanguinarine
Synonym: 13-Methyl-[1,3]benzodioxolo[5,6-c]-1,3-dioxolo[4,5-i]phenanthridinium
CAS: 2447-54-3
Molecular Formula: C20H14NO4
Molecular Weight: 332.09
Molecular Structure:
Botanical Source: Macleaya cordata.
Major Functions:
Feed antibiotics, Agriculture insecticide, Agriculture bactericide, Veterinary injection
Synonym: 13-Methyl-[1,3]benzodioxolo[5,6-c]-1,3-dioxolo[4,5-i]phenanthridinium
CAS: 2447-54-3
Molecular Formula: C20H14NO4
Molecular Weight: 332.09
Molecular Structure:
Botanical Source: Macleaya cordata.
Major Functions:
Feed antibiotics, Agriculture insecticide, Agriculture bactericide, Veterinary injection
Berberine
Name: Berberine
Synonym: Berberine chloride form; Natural Yellow 18
CAS: 633-65-8
Molecular Formula: C20H18NO4.Cl
Molecular Weight: 371.82
Molecular Structure:
Botanical Source: Hydrastis canadensis
Major Functions:
As a drug, berberine has showed some activity against fungal infections, candida, yeast, parasites, and bacterial/viral infections. Some research has been undertaken into possible use against MRSA infection. Although berberine has been tested and used in diabetes, prostate cancer cell lines, liver and leukaemia cancers, cardiac arrhythmia, and leukemia, it has not been researched thoroughly with humans. Berberine is considered an ineffective antibiotic, but a minority claim that when not tested in isolation but in conjunction with the other biochemical substances from the barberry plant, then berberine might be effective
Synonym: Berberine chloride form; Natural Yellow 18
CAS: 633-65-8
Molecular Formula: C20H18NO4.Cl
Molecular Weight: 371.82
Molecular Structure:
Botanical Source: Hydrastis canadensis
Major Functions:
As a drug, berberine has showed some activity against fungal infections, candida, yeast, parasites, and bacterial/viral infections. Some research has been undertaken into possible use against MRSA infection. Although berberine has been tested and used in diabetes, prostate cancer cell lines, liver and leukaemia cancers, cardiac arrhythmia, and leukemia, it has not been researched thoroughly with humans. Berberine is considered an ineffective antibiotic, but a minority claim that when not tested in isolation but in conjunction with the other biochemical substances from the barberry plant, then berberine might be effective
Myricetin
Name: Myricetin
Synonym: 3,5,7-Trihydroxy-2-(3,4,5-trihydroxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one
CAS: 529-44-2
Molecular Formula: C15H10O8
Molecular Weight: 318.23
Molecular Structure:
Botanical Source: Walnut
Major Functions:
Myricetin has antioxidant properties. It is commonly found in the form of glycosides, such as myricitrin.
In vitro research suggests that myricetin in high concentrations can modify LDL cholesterol such that uptake by white blood cells is increased. A Finnish study correlated high myricetin consumption with lowered rates of prostate cancer
Synonym: 3,5,7-Trihydroxy-2-(3,4,5-trihydroxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one
CAS: 529-44-2
Molecular Formula: C15H10O8
Molecular Weight: 318.23
Molecular Structure:
Botanical Source: Walnut
Major Functions:
Myricetin has antioxidant properties. It is commonly found in the form of glycosides, such as myricitrin.
In vitro research suggests that myricetin in high concentrations can modify LDL cholesterol such that uptake by white blood cells is increased. A Finnish study correlated high myricetin consumption with lowered rates of prostate cancer
Oxymatrine
Name: Oxymatrine
Synonym:Matrine N-oxide
CAS: 16837-52-8
Molecular Formula: C15H24N2O2
Molecular Weight: 264.36
Botanical Source: Figwort root
Major Functions: Resist fungi, antibiotic, kill trichomonads, drive flagellates.
Resist the inflammation and allergy
Diuresis, resist the arrhythmia
Antitumor, stop rushing down, smooth the asthma;
Can improve the leucocyte deficiency symptoms caused by anticancer drugs and X ray source.
Synonym:Matrine N-oxide
CAS: 16837-52-8
Molecular Formula: C15H24N2O2
Molecular Weight: 264.36
Botanical Source: Figwort root
Major Functions: Resist fungi, antibiotic, kill trichomonads, drive flagellates.
Resist the inflammation and allergy
Diuresis, resist the arrhythmia
Antitumor, stop rushing down, smooth the asthma;
Can improve the leucocyte deficiency symptoms caused by anticancer drugs and X ray source.
Lutein
Name: Lutein
Synonym: Luteine; trans-lutein; beta, epsilon-Carotene-3,3'-diol
CAS: 127-40-2
Molecular Formula: C40H56O2
Molecular Weight: 568.871 g/mol
Botanical Source:Marigold
Major Functions:
Lutein is a natural part of human diet when fruits and vegetables are consumed. For individuals lacking sufficient lutein intake, lutein-fortified foods are available, or in the case of elderly people with a poorly absorbing digestive system, a sublingual spray is available. As early as 1996, lutein has been incorporated into dietary supplements. While no recommended daily allowance currently exists for lutein as for other nutrients, positive effects have been seen at dietary intake levels of 6 mg/day. The only definitive side effect of excess lutein consumption is bronzing of the skin (carotenodermia).
The functional difference between lutein (free form) and lutein esters is not entirely known. It is suggested that the bioavailability is lower for lutein esters, but much debate continues.
As a food additive, lutein has the E number E161b and is extracted from the petals of marigold (Tagetes erecta).
On September 10, 2007, in a 6-year study, researchers led by John Paul SanGiovanni of the National Eye Institute, Maryland found that Lutein and zeaxanthin (nutrients in eggs, spinach and other green vegetables) protect against blindness (macular degeneration), affecting 1.2 million Americans, mostly after age 65. Lutein and zeaxanthin reduce the risk of AMD (journal Archives of Ophthalmology). Foods considered good sources of the nutrients also include kale, turnip greens, collard greens, romaine lettuce, broccoli, zucchini, corn, garden peas and Brussels sprouts.
Synonym: Luteine; trans-lutein; beta, epsilon-Carotene-3,3'-diol
CAS: 127-40-2
Molecular Formula: C40H56O2
Molecular Weight: 568.871 g/mol
Botanical Source:Marigold
Major Functions:
Lutein is a natural part of human diet when fruits and vegetables are consumed. For individuals lacking sufficient lutein intake, lutein-fortified foods are available, or in the case of elderly people with a poorly absorbing digestive system, a sublingual spray is available. As early as 1996, lutein has been incorporated into dietary supplements. While no recommended daily allowance currently exists for lutein as for other nutrients, positive effects have been seen at dietary intake levels of 6 mg/day. The only definitive side effect of excess lutein consumption is bronzing of the skin (carotenodermia).
The functional difference between lutein (free form) and lutein esters is not entirely known. It is suggested that the bioavailability is lower for lutein esters, but much debate continues.
As a food additive, lutein has the E number E161b and is extracted from the petals of marigold (Tagetes erecta).
On September 10, 2007, in a 6-year study, researchers led by John Paul SanGiovanni of the National Eye Institute, Maryland found that Lutein and zeaxanthin (nutrients in eggs, spinach and other green vegetables) protect against blindness (macular degeneration), affecting 1.2 million Americans, mostly after age 65. Lutein and zeaxanthin reduce the risk of AMD (journal Archives of Ophthalmology). Foods considered good sources of the nutrients also include kale, turnip greens, collard greens, romaine lettuce, broccoli, zucchini, corn, garden peas and Brussels sprouts.
Icariin- Epimedium grandiflorum Morr
Name: Icariin
Synonym: 5-hydroxy-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-8-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)-7-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-3-[(2S,3R,4R,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxychromen-4-one
CAS: 489-32-7
Molecular Formula: C33H40O15
Molecular Weight: 676.66
Botanical Source: Epimedium grandiflorum Morr
Major Functions: The "active ingredient" in Epimedium is icariin, which can be found in standardized extracts from 5% up to 60% potent. Strengths above that are usually reserved for lab use.
Icariin is purported to work by increasing levels of nitric oxide, which relax smooth muscle. It has been demonstrated to relax rabbit penile tissue by nitric oxide and PDE-5 activity . Other research has demonstrated that injections of Epimedium extract, directly into the penis of the rat results in an increase in penile blood pressure.
Like Viagra, icariin, the active compound in Epimedium, inhibits the activity of PDE-5. In vitro assays have demonstrated that icariin inhibits PDE-5 with an IC50 of around 1 micromolar, while Viagra has an IC50 of about 6.6 nanomolar (.0066 micromolar) and Levitra has an IC50 of about 0.7 nanomolar (.0007 micromolar). Measured differently, the EC50 of icariin is approximately 4.62 micromolar, while Viagra is .42 micromolar. The amount of oral administration of Epidemium extract necessary to achieve these relative concentrations is unclear from the literature, and may not be relevant if the herb works through multiple mechanisms, as has been suggested. Epimedium has been shown to up-regulate genes associated with nitric oxide production and changes in adenosine/guanine monophosphate balance in ways that other PDE5 inhibitors do not.
Synonym: 5-hydroxy-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-8-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)-7-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-3-[(2S,3R,4R,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxychromen-4-one
CAS: 489-32-7
Molecular Formula: C33H40O15
Molecular Weight: 676.66
Botanical Source: Epimedium grandiflorum Morr
Major Functions: The "active ingredient" in Epimedium is icariin, which can be found in standardized extracts from 5% up to 60% potent. Strengths above that are usually reserved for lab use.
Icariin is purported to work by increasing levels of nitric oxide, which relax smooth muscle. It has been demonstrated to relax rabbit penile tissue by nitric oxide and PDE-5 activity . Other research has demonstrated that injections of Epimedium extract, directly into the penis of the rat results in an increase in penile blood pressure.
Like Viagra, icariin, the active compound in Epimedium, inhibits the activity of PDE-5. In vitro assays have demonstrated that icariin inhibits PDE-5 with an IC50 of around 1 micromolar, while Viagra has an IC50 of about 6.6 nanomolar (.0066 micromolar) and Levitra has an IC50 of about 0.7 nanomolar (.0007 micromolar). Measured differently, the EC50 of icariin is approximately 4.62 micromolar, while Viagra is .42 micromolar. The amount of oral administration of Epidemium extract necessary to achieve these relative concentrations is unclear from the literature, and may not be relevant if the herb works through multiple mechanisms, as has been suggested. Epimedium has been shown to up-regulate genes associated with nitric oxide production and changes in adenosine/guanine monophosphate balance in ways that other PDE5 inhibitors do not.
2008年10月19日星期日
L-Theanine
Name: L-Theanine
Synonym: N-Ethyl-L-glutamine; L-Glutamic acid gamma-(ethylamide)
CAS: 3081-61-6
Molecular Formula: C7H14N2O3
Molecular Weight: 174.20
Botanical Source: Tea-leaves
Characteritics: In white powder form
Purity:20%,30%,99%
Melting point: 117 °C (243 °F)
Major Functions:
L-Theanine is an amino acid commonly found in tea (infusions of Camellia sinensis), and also in the basidiomycete mushroom Boletus badius. In 1950 the Tea laboratory of Kyoto successfully separated theanine from Gyokuro leaf, which has the highest theanine content among all teas. Theanine is related to glutamine, and can cross the blood-brain barrier. Because it can enter the brain, theanine has psychoactive properties Theanine has been shown to reduce mental and physical stress, may produce feelings of relaxation and improves cognition and mood when taken in combination with caffeine.
Theanine is speculated to produce these effects by increasing the level of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) production. A Theanine increase brain serotonin, dopamine, and GABA levels and has micromolar affinities for AMPA, Kainate and NMDA receptors. It has also been found that injecting spontaneously hypertensive mice with theanine significantly lowered levels of 5-hydroxyindoles in the brain Researchers also speculate that it may inhibit glutamic acid excitotoxicity. Theanine also promotes alpha wave production in the brain.
Studies on test rats have shown that even repeated, extremely high doses of theanine cause little to no harmful psychological or physical effects. Theanine showed neuroprotective effects in one rat study.
L-theanine may help the body's immune response to infection by boosting the disease-fighting capacity of gamma delta T cells. The study, published in 2003 by the Brigham and Women's Hospital, included a four-week trial with 11 coffee drinkers and 10 tea drinkers, who consumed 600 milliliters of coffee or black tea daily. Blood sample analysis found that the production of anti-bacterial proteins was up to five times higher in the tea-drinkers, an indicator of a stronger immune response
Dosage: Based on the alpha-wave study, a dose of 50 to 200 mg may provide a relaxation effect. No dosage of L-theanine is suggested for enhanced immune system functioning; however, volunteers in a pilot study consumed approximately 600 mL of tea a day.
Synonym: N-Ethyl-L-glutamine; L-Glutamic acid gamma-(ethylamide)
CAS: 3081-61-6
Molecular Formula: C7H14N2O3
Molecular Weight: 174.20
Botanical Source: Tea-leaves
Characteritics: In white powder form
Purity:20%,30%,99%
Melting point: 117 °C (243 °F)
Major Functions:
L-Theanine is an amino acid commonly found in tea (infusions of Camellia sinensis), and also in the basidiomycete mushroom Boletus badius. In 1950 the Tea laboratory of Kyoto successfully separated theanine from Gyokuro leaf, which has the highest theanine content among all teas. Theanine is related to glutamine, and can cross the blood-brain barrier. Because it can enter the brain, theanine has psychoactive properties Theanine has been shown to reduce mental and physical stress, may produce feelings of relaxation and improves cognition and mood when taken in combination with caffeine.
Theanine is speculated to produce these effects by increasing the level of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) production. A Theanine increase brain serotonin, dopamine, and GABA levels and has micromolar affinities for AMPA, Kainate and NMDA receptors. It has also been found that injecting spontaneously hypertensive mice with theanine significantly lowered levels of 5-hydroxyindoles in the brain Researchers also speculate that it may inhibit glutamic acid excitotoxicity. Theanine also promotes alpha wave production in the brain.
Studies on test rats have shown that even repeated, extremely high doses of theanine cause little to no harmful psychological or physical effects. Theanine showed neuroprotective effects in one rat study.
L-theanine may help the body's immune response to infection by boosting the disease-fighting capacity of gamma delta T cells. The study, published in 2003 by the Brigham and Women's Hospital, included a four-week trial with 11 coffee drinkers and 10 tea drinkers, who consumed 600 milliliters of coffee or black tea daily. Blood sample analysis found that the production of anti-bacterial proteins was up to five times higher in the tea-drinkers, an indicator of a stronger immune response
Dosage: Based on the alpha-wave study, a dose of 50 to 200 mg may provide a relaxation effect. No dosage of L-theanine is suggested for enhanced immune system functioning; however, volunteers in a pilot study consumed approximately 600 mL of tea a day.
Contact Info of CP Biotech
Tel:86-29-88598270
Email: chemicalpharma@aol.com
Web: http://www.cpbiotechcorp.blogspot.com/
Contact Person: Mr Lee
For other urgency plz call me, or write to me.
Email: chemicalpharma@aol.com
Web: http://www.cpbiotechcorp.blogspot.com/
Contact Person: Mr Lee
For other urgency plz call me, or write to me.
CP Biotech Corp.-Home
CP Biotech Corporation, founded in China in 2004, is a manufacturer and seller of high-quality molecular biology products and various herb ingredients.CP's business is focused on the following markets including: basic human drug research, commercial life science research (pharmaceutical and biotechnology), standardized herb extract (including plant extract identification, APIs testing), and biopharmaceutical industry.
Product lines are focused on medical-grade biotech products used for weight loss, sex enhancement and other diet supplements. Many of our hot products have been sold to overseas, including US, UK and southeast Asian countries.
We have invested heavily on our state-of-the-art manufacturing facilities, clean room and laboratories to provide you the products at high quality and at very competitive prices. We also have continually invested heavily in research, both in-house and through collaborations with universities and industrial partners in order to keep offering the quality and innovative products.
We understand budget and time constraints; therefore, we are committed to providing you the quality and less expensive products that work and save your time. We understand the need for responsive customer and technical service when having any question, comment or concern; hence, we will continue expanding our technical service for supporting your need.
It is our aim to build on our strengths of quality, competitiveness, innovation and responsiveness to make your research or production more efficient and effective. We are confident that our commitment to science and new technologies will enable us to offer you the best products and service now and in the future.
We are committed to being your favorite partner in your working life.
Product lines are focused on medical-grade biotech products used for weight loss, sex enhancement and other diet supplements. Many of our hot products have been sold to overseas, including US, UK and southeast Asian countries.
We have invested heavily on our state-of-the-art manufacturing facilities, clean room and laboratories to provide you the products at high quality and at very competitive prices. We also have continually invested heavily in research, both in-house and through collaborations with universities and industrial partners in order to keep offering the quality and innovative products.
We understand budget and time constraints; therefore, we are committed to providing you the quality and less expensive products that work and save your time. We understand the need for responsive customer and technical service when having any question, comment or concern; hence, we will continue expanding our technical service for supporting your need.
It is our aim to build on our strengths of quality, competitiveness, innovation and responsiveness to make your research or production more efficient and effective. We are confident that our commitment to science and new technologies will enable us to offer you the best products and service now and in the future.
We are committed to being your favorite partner in your working life.
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